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In `F33f`_`[software engineering`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Software_engineering]`_`f, `!containerization`! is `F33f`_`[operating-system-level virtualization`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=OS-level_virtualization]`_`f or `F33f`_`[application-level virtualization`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Application-level_virtualization]`_`f over multiple network resources so that software applications can run in isolated user spaces called `*containers`* in any `F33f`_`[cloud`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cloud_computing]`_`f or non-cloud environment, regardless of type or vendor.`:cite-ref-1[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-1]`_`f] The term "container" is overloaded, and it is important to ensure that the intended definition aligns with the audience's understanding. `:cite-ref-2[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-2]`_`f]`:cite-ref-3[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-3]`_`f]

>>Contents

• `F0af`_`[Usage`#usage]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Types of containers`#types-of-containers]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Security issues`#security-issues]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Container management, orchestration, clustering`#container-management-orchestration-clustering]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Container cluster management`#container-cluster-management]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[See also`#see-also]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Further reading`#further-reading]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[References`#references]`_`f

-─

>>Usage

Each `*container`* is basically a fully functional and portable cloud or non-cloud computing environment surrounding the application and keeping it independent of other environments running in parallel.`:cite-ref-4[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-4]`_`f] Individually, each container simulates a different software application and runs isolated processes`:cite-ref-5[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-5]`_`f] by bundling related configuration files, libraries and dependencies.`:cite-ref-6[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-6]`_`f] But, collectively, multiple containers share a common `F33f`_`[operating system kernel`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Kernel_(operating_system)]`_`f (OS).`:cite-ref-7[`F5bf`_`[7`#cite-note-7]`_`f]

In recent times, containerization technology has been widely adopted by cloud computing platforms like `F33f`_`[Amazon Web Services`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Amazon_Web_Services]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Microsoft Azure`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Microsoft_Azure]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Google Cloud Platform`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Google_Cloud_Platform]`_`f, and `F33f`_`[IBM Cloud`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=IBM_Cloud]`_`f.`:cite-ref-8[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-8]`_`f] Containerization has also been pursued by the U.S. Department of Defense as a way of more rapidly developing and fielding software updates, with first application in its `F33f`_`[F-22`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor]`_`f air superiority fighter.`:cite-ref-9[`F5bf`_`[9`#cite-note-9]`_`f]

>>Types of containers

• OS containers

• Application containers

>>Security issues

• Because of the shared OS, security threats can affect the whole containerized system.

• In containerized environments, security scanners generally protect the OS, but not the application containers, which adds unwanted vulnerability.

>>Container management, orchestration, clustering

Container `F33f`_`[orchestration`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Orchestration_(computing)]`_`f or container management is mostly used in the context of application containers.`:cite-ref-10[`F5bf`_`[10`#cite-note-10]`_`f] Implementations providing such orchestration include `F33f`_`[Kubernetes`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Kubernetes]`_`f and `F33f`_`[Docker swarm`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Docker_(software)]`_`f.

>>Container cluster management

Container clusters need to be managed. This includes functionality to create a cluster, to upgrade the software or repair it, balance the load between existing instances, scale by starting or stopping instances to adapt to the number of users, to log activities and monitor produced logs or the application itself by querying sensors. Open-source implementations of such software include `F33f`_`[OKD`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=OKD_(software)]`_`f and Rancher. Quite a number of companies provide container cluster management as a managed service, like `F33f`_`[Alibaba`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Alibaba_Group]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Amazon`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Amazon_(company)]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Google`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Google]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Microsoft`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Microsoft]`_`f.

>>See also

• `F33f`_`[Docker (software)`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Docker_(software)]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Kubernetes`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Kubernetes]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Open Container Initiative`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Open_Container_Initiative]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Virtual machines`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Virtual_machines]`_`f

>>Further reading

`!Journal articles`!

• `:citerefbentalebbelloumsebaael-maouhab2021`aBentaleb, Ouafa; Belloum, Adam S. Z.; Sebaa, Abderrazak; El-Maouhab, Aouaouche (8 June 2021). "Containerization technologies: taxonomies, applications and challenges". `*The Journal of Supercomputing`*. `!78`!: 1144–1181. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1007/s11227-021-03914-1. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 236220833.

• Moreau, David; Wiebels, Kristina; Boettiger, Carl (2023). Containers for computational reproducibility. `*Nature Reviews Methods Primers,`* 3 (50). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-023-00236-9

• `:citerefwatadaroykadikarpham2019`aWatada, Junzo; Roy, Arunava; Kadikar, Ruturaj; Pham, Hoang; Xu, Bing (2019). "Emerging Trends, Techniques and Open Issues of Containerization: A Review". `*IEEE Access`*. `!7`!: 152443–152472. `F33f`_`[Bibcode`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bibcode_(identifier)]`_`f:2019IEEEA...7o2443W. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2945930. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 204970781.

• `:citerefvan-den-bergsiegelcramp2017`avan den Berg, Tom; Siegel, Barry; Cramp, Anthony (April 2017). "Containerization of high level architecture-based simulations: A case study". `*The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology`*. `!14`! (2): 115–138. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1177/1548512916662365. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 64405143.

• `:citerefzhangtangliliu2021`aZhang, Xiao; Tang, Yu; Li, Hao; Liu, Shaotao; Lin, Di (2021). "Containerization Design for Autonomous and Controllable Cloud Distributed System". `*Communications, Signal Processing, and Systems`*. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Vol. 654. pp. 30–38. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1007/978-981-15-8411-4_4. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-981-15-8410-7. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 236762442.

• `:citerefodun-ayogetelomaeweoyaahuja2019`aOdun-Ayo, Isaac; Geteloma, Victor; Eweoya, Ibukun; Ahuja, Ravin (2019). "Virtualization, Containerization, Composition, and Orchestration of Cloud Computing Services". `*Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2019`*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11622. pp. 403–417. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1007/978-3-030-24305-0_30. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-3-030-24304-3. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 195769647.

`!Books`!

• Gabriel N. Schenker, Hideto Saito, Hui-Chuan Chloe Lee, Ke-Jou Carol Hsu, (2019) `*Getting Started with Containerization: Reduce the operational burden on your system by automating and managing your containers`*, `F33f`_`[Packt Publishing`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Packt_Publishing]`_`f, `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-1-83864-903-6

• Jeeva S. Chelladhurai, Vinod Singh, Pethuru Raj (2014), `*Learning Docker`*, `F33f`_`[Packt Publishing`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Packt_Publishing]`_`f, `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-0-9888202-0-3

>>References

`:cite-note-1`!1.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-1]`_`f `:citerefscheepers2014`aScheepers, Mathijs Jeroen (2014). "Virtualization and Containerization of Application Infrastructure: A Comparison" (PDF). `*thijs.ai`*. Thijs Scheepers. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 18129086.

`:cite-note-2`!2.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-2]`_`f `:citerefwinn2017`aWinn, Duncan C. E. (2017). `*Cloud Foundry: The Definitive Guide Develop, Deploy, and Scale`*. O'Reilly Media, Inc. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 9781491932544.

`:cite-note-3`!3.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-3]`_`f "Concepts: Containers". `*Kubernetes.io`*.

`:cite-note-4`!4.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-4]`_`f "What is containerization?". `*www.redhat.com`*. `F33f`_`[RedHat`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=RedHat]`_`f. Archived from the original on 2021-05-08. Retrieved 2021-07-10.

`:cite-note-5`!5.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-5]`_`f `:citerefhinckhinck`aHinck, Tim Maurer, Garrett; Hinck, Tim Maurer, Garrett. "Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers". `*Carnegie Endowment for International Peace`*. Retrieved 2021-07-10.`B100`F9d9{{cite web}}`f`b: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

`:cite-note-6`!6.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-6]`_`f `:citerefrubens2017`aRubens, Paul (2017-06-27). "What are containers and why do you need them?". `*CIO`*. Retrieved 2021-07-10.

`:cite-note-7`!7.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-7]`_`f "Containerization". `*www.ibm.com`*. Retrieved 2021-07-10.

`:cite-note-8`!8.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-8]`_`f `:citerefdecember-20192019`aDecember 2019, Jonas P. DeMuro 18 (18 December 2019). "What is container technology?". `*TechRadar India`*. Retrieved 2021-07-10.`B100`F9d9{{cite web}}`f`b: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

`:cite-note-9`!9.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-9]`_`f "Flight Test Clears F-22 Fleet To Accept Third-Party Software". `*Aviation Week`*. 30 August 2022.

`:cite-note-10`!10.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-10]`_`f "What is Container Orchestration? Definition & Related FAQs". `*Avi Networks`*. Retrieved 2024-04-29.

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